· CONJUNCTIONS AND PREPOSITIONS: THE DNA OF SENTENCES.
· WITHOUT THEM, WRITING WOULD LACK COHESIVENESS AND DIRECTION. WITHOUT A CANVAS, THERE CANT BE A PAINTING; WITHOUT A MECHANICAL SEAL, THERE WOULD BE NO PISTON. CONJUNTIONS LINK WHILE PREPOSITIONS DIRECT THE SUBJECT.SPECIFICALLY, A
· Preposition is a word that relates a noun or pronoun to another word in a sentence. "The dog sat under the tree"
· COMMON PREOSITION THAT IDENTIFY TIME, PLACE AND LOCATION OF THE SUBJECT
about
behind
from
on
toward
above
below
in
on top of
under
across
beneath
in front of
onto
underneath
after
beside
inside
out of
until
against
between
instead of
outside
up
along
by
into
over
upon
among
down
like
past
with
around
during
near
since
within
at
except
of
through
without
before
for
off
to

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· A BRIEF EXPLANATION OF CONJUNCTIONS
· A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions may join single words, or they may join groups of words, but they must always join similar elements: e.g. subject+subject, verb phrase+verb phrase, sentence+sentence. When a coordinating conjunction is used to join elements, the element becomes a compound element. Correlative conjunctions also connect sentence elements of the same kind: however, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. Subordinating conjunctions, the largest class of conjunctions, connect subordinate clauses to a main clause. These conjunctions are adverbs used as conjunctions.
· The following tables show examples of the various types of conjunctions and some sample sentences using the conjunctions. Since coordinating conjunctions and correlative conjunctions are closed sets of words, all are included in the list. Subordinating conjunctions are a larger class of words; therefore, only a few of the more common ones are included in this list.
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· COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
F
A
N
B
O
Y
S
for
and
nor
but
or
yet
so
· An easy way to remember these six conjunctions is to think of the word FANBOYS. Each of the letters in this somewhat unlikely word is the first letter of one of the coordinating conjunctions. Remember, when using a conjunction to join two sentences, use a comma before the conjunction.
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·
· EXAMPLES AND SENTENCES
· COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCTION
WHAT IS LINKED
SAMPLE SENTENCES
and
noun phrase+noun phrase
We have tickets for the symphony and the opera.
but
sentence+sentence
The orchestra rehearses on Tuesday, but the chorus rehearses on Wednesday.
or
verb+verb
Have you seen or heard the opera by Scott Joplin?
so
sentence+sentence
I wanted to sit in the front of the balcony, so I ordered my tickets early.
· CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
both...and
not only...but also
either...or
neither...nor
whether...or
· Remember, correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. They join similar elements.When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural.
· EXAMPLES AND SENTENCES
· CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCTIONS
WHAT IS LINKED
SAMPLE SENTENCE
both...and
subject+subject
Both my sister and my brother play the piano.
either...or
noun+noun
Tonight's program is either Mozart or Beethoven.
neither...nor
subject+subject
Neither the orchestra nor the chorus was able to overcome the terrible acoustics in the church
not only...but also
sentence+sentence
Not only does Sue raise money for the symphony, but she also ushers at all of their concerts.
·
· SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
TIME
CAUSE + EFFECT
OPPOSITION
CONDITION
after
because
although
if
before
since
though
unless
when
now that
even though
only if
while
as
whereas
whether or not
since
in order that
while
even if
until
so

in case (that)
· Subordinating conjunctions, (subordinators) are most important in creating subordinating clauses. These adverbs that act like conjunctions are placed at the front of the clause. The adverbial clause can come either before or after the main clause. Subordinators are usually a single word, but there are also a number of multi-word subordinators that function like a single subordinating conjunction. They can be classified according to their use in regard to time, cause and effect, opposition, or condition. Remember, put a comma at the end of the adverbial phrase when it precedes the main clause.
· EXAMPLES AND SENTENCES
· SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCTION
SAMPLE SENTENCE
after
We are going out to eat after we finish taking the test.
since
Since we have lived in Atlanta, we have gone to every exhibit at the High Musuem.
while
While I was waiting in line for the Matisse Exhibit, I ate my lunch.
although
Although the line was long and the wait over two hours, the exhibit was well worth it
even if
Even if you have already bought your ticket, you will still need to wait in line.
because
I love Matisse's works because he uses color so brilliantly
· PARTS OF SPEECH: TRACK 5
· Objects and Complements
· Objects
· A verb may be followed by an object that completes the verb's meaning. Two kinds of objects follow verbs: direct objects and indirect objects. To determine if a verb has a direct object, isolate the verb and make it into a question by placing "whom?" or "what?" after it. The answer, if there is one, is the direct object:
· Direct Object
· The advertising executive drove a flashy red Porsche.
· Direct Object
· Her secret admirer gave her a bouquet of flowers.
· The second sentence above also contains an indirect object. An indirect object (which, like a direct object, is always a noun or pronoun) is, in a sense, the recipient of the direct object. To determine if a verb has an indirect object, isolate the verb and ask to whom?, to what?, for whom?, or for what? after it. The answer is the indirect object.
· Not all verbs are followed by objects. Consider the verbs in the following sentences:
· The guest speaker rose from her chair to protest.
· After work, Randy usually jogs around the canal.
· Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
· Verbs that take objects are known as transitive verbs. Verbs not followed by objects are called intransitive verbs.
· Some verbs can be either transitive verbs or intransitive verbs, depending on the context:
· Direct Object
· I hope the Senators win the next game.
· No Direct Object
· Did we win?
· Subject Complements
· In addition to the transitive verb and the intransitive verb, there is a third kind of verb called a linking verb. The word (or phrase) which follows a linking verb is called not an object, but a subject complement.
· The most common linking verb is "be." Other linking verbs are "become," "seem," "appear," "feel," "grow," "look," "smell," "taste," and "sound," among others. Note that some of these are sometimes linking verbs, sometimes transitive verbs, or sometimes intransitive verbs, depending on how you use them:
· Linking verb with subject complement
· He was a radiologist before he became a full-time yoga instructor.
· Linking verb with subject complement
· Your homemade chili smells delicious.
· Transitive verb with direct object
· I can't smell anything with this terrible cold.
· Intransitive verb with no object
· The interior of the beautiful new Buick smells strongly of fish.
· Note that a subject complement can be either a noun ("radiologist", "instructor") or an adjective ("delicious").
· Object Complements
· (by David Megginson)
· An object complement is similar to a subject complement, except that (obviously) it modifies an object rather than a subject. Consider this example of a subject complement:
· The driver seems tired.
· In this case, as explained above, the adjective "tired" modifies the noun "driver," which is the subject of the sentence.
· Sometimes, however, the noun will be the object, as in the following example:
· I consider the driver tired.
· In this case, the noun "driver" is the direct object of the verb "consider," but the adjective "tired" is still acting as its complement.
· In general, verbs which have to do with perceiving, judging, or changing something can cause their direct objects to take an object complement:
· Paint it black.
· The judge ruled her out of order.
· I saw the Prime Minister sleeping.
· In every case, you could reconstruct the last part of the sentence into a sentence of its own using a subject complement: "it is black," "she is out of order," "the Prime Minister is sleeping."
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