parts of speech

THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH
LIST WITH DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES
All words may be classified into eight groups called parts of speech. The group to which a word belongs is determined by its use in the sentence; therefore, the same word may be any one of several parts of speech, depending upon its use in a given sentence. The eight parts of speech are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.
NOUNS
A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, idea, or quality:
Robert Frost wrote poems. Ann lives in Boston.
Work brings satisfaction. People like admiration.
A noun is used as the subject, as any kind of object, and as the predicate nominative (noun complement).
The man walked down the street. (Man is the subject, and street is the object of
the preposition down.) The cow is a domestic animal. (Cow is the subject, and animal is the predicate nominative.)
Nouns answer these questions: Who? What?
PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word used to take the place of a noun. A pronoun is used as a noun. Through use of pronouns, one may avoid repeating name words:
Mary has lost her book. The box has lost its handle. Ruth saw the boys and
talked to them.
VERBS
A verb is a word used to express action, being, or state of being:
Jose painted a picture. The law still exists. That woman is a banker.
A verb may be composed of several words (the main verb preceded by one or more auxiliary or helping verbs), called a verb phrase:
This book should have been sent to the storeroom.
ADJECTIVES
An adjective is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. An adjective may be a single word, a phrase, or a clause:
We saw beautiful valleys and rugged mountains. (single words)
The rug on the floor is blue. (adjective phrase)
The man who spoke is a teacher. (adjective clause)
Adjectives answer these questions: What kind? Which one(s)? How many (or how much)? Whose?
ADVERBS
An adverb is used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. In some cases adverbs may modify other parts of speech – a preposition or a conjunction – or other sentence elements – a verbal or occasionally a substantive:
She sings beautifully. (beautifully modifies the verb signs.)
He is a very great orator. (very modifies the adjective great.)
She smiled rather sadly. (rather modifies the adverb sadly).
By working faithfully, she won success. (faithfully modifies the gerund working.)
The little boy, smiling happily, ran to meet his father. (happily modifies the
participle smiling.) She has learned to write clearly. (clearly modifies the infinitive to write.) He was almost under the tree. (almost modifies the preposition under.) She came just before I left. (Just modifies the conjunction before.) Nearly all of them were lost. (nearly modifies the indefinite pronoun all.
The newly rich were not invited. (Newly modifies the noun equivalent rich.)
An adverb may be a single word, a phrase, or a clause:
He crept stealthily. (single words) The stranger came into the room. (adverbial phrase) Robert left when I came. (adverbial clause)
Adverbs answer these questions: How? When? Where? Why? Under what condition? To what extent or degree?
PREPOSITIONS
A preposition shows the relations be tween its object and some other word in the sentence: We walked through the woods. (through shows the nature of the relations between woods, its object, and walked, the verb.)
CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction connects words or groups of wo rds:
Bob and Linda are here. (and connects the two subjects, Bob and Linda.)
She came, but she did not stay. (but connects the two independent clauses, she
came and she did not stay.) In form a conjunction may be a single word or a group of words: She came while you were away. (a single word connecting clauses) The teachers as well as the students had a good time. (a group of words used as a conjunction)
Although conjunctions have many classifications, it is sufficient for our purpose to note only three general classes: coordinating, subordinating, and correlative. (relative adverbs used as conjunctions are also called conjunctive adverbs or adverbial conjunctions.) A coordinating conjunction connects two words, two phrases, or two clauses or equal rank:
Paula and Carl are here. (and connects two nouns)
She liked to read but not to write (not writing). (but connects tow infinitives.)
The coordinating conjunctions in most general use include and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet. The conjunctive adverbs, such as however, then, therefore , and thus, also connect independent clauses.
A subordinating conjunction connects two clauses of unequal rank; that is, it joins a dependent (subordinate) clause to the independent clause on which it depends: I was here before you came. Some of the subordinating conjunctions are as, as if, because, before, if, since, that, till, unless, when, where, and whether. The relative pronouns who, whom, whose, which, what, and that
also serve as subordinating conjunctions.Conjunctions that are used in pairs are called correlative conjunctions and include both – and,
either – or, neither – nor, and not only – but also. Neither John nor I will be able to come.
INTERJECTIONS
An interjection is a familiar word that has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence and that commands attention or expresses strong feeling: ah, gosh, hurrah, oh, ouch, shh, whew, etc.
Note that an interjection is not the same thing as an exclamation. An exclamation is an outburst—an emphatic statement, not a part of speech. Though in fact an exclamation may consist of or contain an interjection, there’s no necessary tie between the two. “O Henrietta Tittle, your hair is like peanut brittle” contains an interjectio n (the poetical “O”), but it isn’t an exclamation; drop dead! Is an exclamation, but it contains only an imperative verb and an
adjective. Strong interjections are followed by an exclamation point. When used in sentences, mild interjections are set off by commas.